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Ghosal,
S., et al, "Mast Cell Protecting Effects of Shilajit and Its
Constituents," Phytotherapy Research, 3 (6): 249-252, 1989.
Albino rats were sensitized to horse serum every day for 14 days. The
test group was given processed shilajit. On the fourteenth day, the
subjects were tested for mast cell degranulation. When mast cells
degranulate, they release histamine, which causes inflammation,
resulting in the characteristic runny nose and watery eyes of allergic
reactions. The shilajit-treated subjects' mast cells had significantly
less degranulation. Less histamine was released, and fewer allergic
symptoms resulted. There were also no perceptible toxic effects with
dosages ranging from 100 mg/kg to 500 mg/kg, equivalent to
approximately 68 grams for a 150-pound person.
Goel,
R.K., et al, "Anti-ulcerogenic and Anti-inflammatory Studies With
Shilajit," Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 29: 95-103, 1990.
Albino rats were given injections of potassium carrageenan to induce
inflammation in their hind paws. The paws were measured for fluid
volume before and, at timed intervals, after injection. Shilajit, at a
dose of 50 mg/kg, reduced chemically induced inflammation by 77
percent.
Ghosal,
S., et al, "Interaction of Shilajit With Biogenic Free
Radicals," Department of Pharmaceutics, Banaras Hindu University,
Varanasi-221005, India
Processed shilajit was tested for its ability to neutralize sulfite
anion (SO), hydroxyl (HO), and nitric oxide (NO) free radicals.
Chemical polymerization by free radicals was measured with and without
processed shilajit. It provided almost complete protection of methyl
methacrylate (MMA) against HO-radical-induced polymerization and
significantly inhibited the polymerization of MMA by the SO free
radicals. Processed shilajit efficiently trapped NO free radicals. The
antioxidant effects were concentration-dependent. Higher
concentrations of processed shilajit provided greater free-radical
protection.
Ghosal, S., et al, "Antioxidant Defense by Native and Processed
Shilajit - A Comparative Study," Indian Journal of Chemistry,
35B: 127-132, 1996.
The antioxidant potential of processed shilajit was compared to
unprocessed shilajit and vitamin C (ascorbic acid). Peak levels of
shilajit occurred 12 to 15 hours after ingestion and took more than 72
hours to metabolize. Processed shilajit showed significant antioxidant
activity. It also exhibited the ability to regenerate ascorbic acid
after it neutralized free radicals. The dihydroxybenzo-alpha-pyrones
in shilajit recycled ascorbic acid. Unprocessed shilajit did not
consistently exhibit antioxidant activity.
Bhattacharya,
S.K., et al, "Shilajit Attenuates Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetes
Mellitus and Decreases Pancreatic Islet Superoxide Dismutase Activity
in Rats," Neuropharmacology Laboratory, Department of
Pharmacology, Institute of Medical Science, Banaras Hindu University,
Varanasi-221005, India
Diabetes mellitus was experimentally induced in albino rats by the
administration of streptozotocin. The disease resulted in an increase
of superoxide free radicals and free-radical damage to the pancreas.
From the fourteenth day on, there was significant hyperglycemia, or
high blood sugar, due to a lack of insulin. The test groups were given
50 mg/kg or 100 mg/kg. The shilajit had no effect on normal blood
sugar levels. It stopped the progression of hyperglycemia with
statistically significant changes among the 100 mg/kg group. There was
also a decrease in superoxide-free-radical damage owing to the
antioxidant effects of shilajit.
Ghosal,
S., et al, "The Need for Formulation of Shilajit by Its Isolated
Active Constants," Phytotherapy Research, 5: 211-216, 1991.
Unprocessed shilajit samples collected from India, Nepal, Pakistan,
and the Soviet Union were compared to a processed shilajit extract for
their respective antistress and central nervous system effects. The
processed shilajit extract produced consistently better results than
the unprocessed shilajit. Stress was induced by forced swimming
immobility on albino rats for six minutes. The treated rats recovered
more quickly than the nontreated rats, with the processed shilajit
producing the best results. Albino rats given shilajit extract
resisted aspirin-induced ulcers significantly better than the control
group, which received no shilajit, and the group that was fed
unprocessed shilajit. The therapeutic properties of shilajit vary by
region. To provide a consistent level of active ingredients,
processing and standardization is necessary.
Ghosal,
S., et al, "Shilajit-Induced Morphometric and Functional Changes
in Mouse Peritoneal Macrophages," Department of Pharmaceutics,
Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi-221005, India
Mice were given either a shilajit extract or a placebo. Their white
blood cell activity was monitored prior to and, at intervals, after
receiving the shilajit extract or placebo. The shilajit extract
increased white blood cell activity, which rose in accordance with the
dosage and the time that elasped after exposure.
Ghosal, S., "Chemistry of Shilajit, an Immunomodulatory Ayurvedic
Rasayan," Pure and Applied Chemistry, 62 (7): 1285-1288, 1990.
The low-molecular-weight oxygenated dibenzo-alpha-pyrones and
triterpenic acid (humic and fulvic acids) are the major active
ingredients of shilajit. They affect the endocrine, autonomic, and
central nervous systems, bringing about an immunomodulating result by
increasing the activity of macrophages.
Bhatineharyn, S.K., "Effect of Shilajit on Rat Brain
Monoamines," Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Medical
Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi-221005, India Ghosal, S.,
Department of Pharmaceutics, Institute of Technology, Banaras Hindu
University, Varanasi-2210052, India
Male albino rats were divided into four groups:
-
Control
-
Shilajit
extract (50mg/kg) one hour prior to evaluation
-
Shilajit
extract (25mg/kg) daily five hours before evaluation
-
Shilajit
extract (50mg/kg) daily five hours before evaluation
Neurotransmitter,
serotonin, dopamine, and noradrenaline levels were measured and
compared to the control group. The rats in the fourth group exhibited
neurotransmitter changes associated with increased humoral, or immune,
system response compared with that of the other groups. The rats in
the third group experienced some improvement in neurotransmitter
activity, but it was not as significant as the fourth group's.
Ghosal,
S., et al, "Effects of Shilajit and Its Active Constituents on
Learning and Memory in Rats," Pharmaceutical Chemistry Research
Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutics, Institute of Technology,
Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi-221005, India
Lab rats were given processed shilajit, raw shilajit, or fulvic acid
(derived from shilajit). The rats were then tested in a maze and a
mild electric-shock-avoidance environment. The rats that were fed the
processed shilajit learned to evade electric shocks more quickly and
took less time to learn the maze than the control subjects did.
Goel,
R.K., "Anti-ulcerogenic and Anti-inflammatory Studies With
Shilajit," Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 29: 95-103, 1990.
Albino rats and male guinea pigs were given aspirin to induce gastric
ulcers. The subjects that were fed shilajit had fewer incidences of
ulcers. When the gastric juices were analyzed, researchers found a
significant increase in the carbohydrate-protein ratio, which
indicates a rise in protective mucosal secretions. The subjects that
consumed shilajit were protected from ulcers owing to a jump in the
secretion of the stomach's protective mucous.
Ghosal, S., et al, "Anti-ulcerogenic Activity of Fulvic Acids and
4-methoxy-6-carbmethoxybiphenyl Isolated From Shilajit,"
Phytotherapy Research, 2 (4): 187-191, 1988.
Two organic compounds, fulvic acid (FA) and
4-methoxy-6-carbmethoxybiphenyl (MCB), were extracted from shilajit
for their ability to protect against ulcers. A single administration
of the extracts did not offer protection from ulcer formation. Five
consecutive days of administration of FA and MCB significantly reduced
the stress-ulcer index compared with that of the control group.
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